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Hubble Telescope
Author: George Royal -
One of the most important telescopes in the history of astronomy, the Hubble telescope has allowed observers to peer farther into space than any previous telescope. By moving outside and above the atmosphere of the earth, the Hubble telescope has been able to observe visual data much more clearly than a terrestrial telescope, and it has been able to see much farther into the ultraviolet and infrared spectrums as well, since these spectra are largely absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. Thus, by moving the observing platform into open space, the Hubble telescope has given a much clearer view of the universe, allowing scientists to peer even deeper into space.

The Hubble telescope is named for Edwin Hubble, the astronomer who originally determined that the universe is expanding. This discovery, one of the foundations of modern astronomy and cosmology, made Hubble an excellent choice for the honor of having this telescope named for him.

The concept for the Hubble telescope was originally the idea of Lyman Spitzer back in 1946. He clearly saw that earth-based telescopes were inherently limited in their ability to see into the heavens, since dust, clouds, and even turbulence in the atmosphere interfered with telescopes' clarity. Which meant that the best way to get a clear image from a telescope was with a telescope that was in orbit around the earth.

After some success with the smaller Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, the plan for a large scale telescope was born. There were some fits and starts however, mostly due to budget constraints, and the project did not really take off until the 1970's and funding was not approved until 1978. Then, with funding in place, plans were made to launch the Hubble telescope in 1983. However, due to various delays, it was not actually launched until 1990.

After a few early problems, the Hubble telescope finally started sending back clear images. And those images were well worth the effort. The Hubble telescope was able to achieve a sharpness and resolution that was unimaginable with a standard, earth-bound telescope; crisp images that not only showed new detail in known areas of space, but also peered deeper into space than ever before. And with these new images, astronomers have been able to discover new and exciting information about our universe.

However, it is not only astronomers who have been amazed at the images that the Hubble telescope has produced. In fact, the images from Hubble are delights to view all on their own. From the clearly defined galaxies, to pictures of nebulae, to the Apollo 15 landing site, Hubble has been as exciting for the public as it has been for scientists.

As the Hubble telescope ages, its future is uncertain. Corrective software has allowed earth-based telescopes to pick up much of the information previously possible only with a space-based telescope. And as NASA retools itself to follow its mandate to take a man to Mars, money that would be spent on maintenance of the Hubble is being spent elsewhere. However, before the Hubble telescope enters the atmosphere sometime in 2010, it will provide a remarkable window into the universe and all that is in it.

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Telescopes HQ. Your guide to telescopes from buying telescopes, how telescopes work and who invented telescopes.

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History of Edwin Hubble
Author: Anne Noonan
Edwin Hubble was born in 1889 in Mansfield, Missouri. He lived there with his family until they moved to Chicago in 1898.

Edwin attended high school in Chicago where he became interested in science and the mysteries of the universe. Two writers that he admired were Jules Verne and his "20,000 Leagues under the Sea" and Henry Haggard who wrote "King Solomons Mines".

After high school Edwin Hubble went to Illinois State where he succeeded at basketball and boxing, while achieving a Bachelor's degree in astronomy and mathematics.

Surprisingly as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University he studied law, not astronomy. After graduation Edwin went to Louisville Kentucky and started his law practice. Later he realized his dislike for law, and decided to study astronomy at Yerkes Observatory.

In 1917 Edwin Hubble earned his post-graduate plus doctorate in astronomy from the University of Chicago.

Hubble while working at California's Mount Wilson Observatory proved the existence of other galaxies by using the Hooker reflecting telescope the Cepheids was outside the Milky Way galaxy.

Edwin Hubble in 1929 first introduced his Hubble telescope and created Hubble's Law which helped astronomers to determine the age of the universe and proof that it is expanding.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our best telescope reviews website. Plus check out the history of the Hubble Telescope.

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Takahashi Telescopes Reviewed
Author: Jeremy Hier

Takahashi telescopes SKY90 model is designed for portability. You'll have no problem carrying this telescope anywhere, the optical tube assembly is only 13.8" long, and weighs only 7 pounds. The Takahashi SKY90 telescopeis equipped with a fluorite doublet apochromatic optical system for brilliant images. Takahashi is continually upgrading its telescopic technology.

The TOA-130 is Takahashi Telescope's 21st century innovation. It employs a newly designed triplet using Takahashi special elements to produce the highest order of color correction. The TOA-130 is the perfect telescope for visual, CCD and photo imaging. You'll be able to see clear images of the moon and planets because this telescope is equipped with the LE-ED 2.8mm Takahashi ocular for high magnifications.

For astronomers who will do research and educational projects, take a look at the Takahashi C400/EM3500 telescope. This Classical Cassegrain is part of Takahashi's Observatory Series. This telescope will give you extremely high resolution without sacrificing contrast or a flat field because of its Classical Cassegrainian configuration, with a parabolic primary mirror and hyperbolic secondary.

The Takahashi FCT-200 Fluorite Apochromatic refractor telescope is one of the largest manufactured by Takahashi. It is designed for professional telescopic observatory use at universities, planetariums, summer homes etc. Takahashi has employed in this telescope the highest quality German optical glass and Japanese Fluorite for the center element. For maximum light transmissions all elements are multi-coated.

Takahashi continually strives to provide the most up to date advanced telescope equipment.

Copyright © JJ PERSISTENT PUBLISHING, INC.

PERMISSIONS TO REPUBLISH: This article may be republished in its entirety free of charge, electronically or in print, provided it appears with the included copyright and author's resource box with live website links.

Jeremy Hier is the Business Manager and Webmaster of http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/ " target=_blank>Best Telescope Guides Jeremy Hier is a freelance writer and regular contributer He likes to offer his advice and tips to consumers looking to purchase http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/meade-telescopes.html " target=_blank>meade telescopes and http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/celestron-telescopes.html " target=_blank>celestron telescopes

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Reflecting Telescopes
Author: George Royal -
When people think of telescopes, reflecting telescopes are usually the last things that come to mind. Rather, people tend to think of a straight tube with lenses at either side. This is unfortunate, since there are several ways to bend light so that it is magnified to the point where a person on the ground can make out the features on Jupiter, the billowing gasses of a distant nebula, or the light of distant stars. In fact, if a stargazer wants to peer into the inky voids of space with a scope of manageable size, a reflecting telescope will serve them well.

Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to magnify images, allowing the image to be enlarged a few times before coming through the eyepiece. This is simpler to implement than a standard, straight-through refracting telescope, as it allows several smaller adjustments to the image than a few, very large changes with lenses. And, by doing this with mirrors, the design of the telescope can be made much more compact, allowing more magnifications of an image in a smaller telescope.

In order to understand reflecting telescopes, you must begin by understanding the fact that there are two methods of focusing light so that objects seem closer. The first method is through lenses, which use refracting to bend light and focus it. The second method is with mirrors, which can be shaped to reflect light in such as way that small, distant objects appear to be very close and easily visible.

There are two general designs for reflecting telescopes: the Newtonian and the Cassegrain and its variants. The first type, Newtonian, is a very simple design and it is very popular with amateurs who want to home-build a telescope. In the Newtonian design, there is one large mirror at the base of a long tube, and the mirror is focused onto a flat mirror that redirects the image toward an eyepiece. This design was originally created by Isaac Newton, and it was the first successful design for a reflecting telescope.

The second type of reflecting telescope, the Cassegrain and its variants, uses two mirrors to create the image. One large mirror is set up at the base of a tube, with a smaller mirror facing it at the top of the tube. The light comes in through the top, is focused by the larger mirror, and reflected back by the smaller mirror and sent through a hole in the larger mirror and on to the eyepiece. This makes the Cassegrain telescope look like a refracting telescope, though they function very differently. However, their ultimate aim is the same: to allow people to see things that are very far away.

When looking for a telescope, reflecting telescopes are some of the best that can be found. They are effective, easy to use and, in some cases, easy to build – making them the preferred choice for professional astronomers and backyard hobbyists. So, when thinking about telescopes, don't just think picture the lenses that usually come to mind, think about remarkable properties of mirrors and reflecting telescopes.

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Telescopes HQ . Your guide to telescopes from buying telescopes, how telescopes work and who invented telescopes.

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Meade Telescopes Stand for High Quality at a Reasonable Price
Author: Jeremy Hier

The Meade Telescopes Company is a world leader in the design and manufacture of telescopes and accessories for amateur astronomers. The Meade Company was founded in 1972 and went public in 1997. Meade Instruments began with only $2,500, they used this capital as a mail-order supplier of small refracting telescopes.

By 1977 the Meade Telescope Company was offering a wide range of telescope parts and accessories. Meade's range of accessories allowed them to manufacture their own telescopes. Meade's first models were the 628 and 826 6" and 8" reflecting telescopes. American amateur astronomers found that they had, really for the first time, a telescope manufacturer that provided a quality product at a reasonable price.

The 6" and 8" Meade reflecting telescopes were an incredible success so much that the Meade Company faced a 6-month backlog. Normally there is a 6 to 8 week delivery time, but the Meade Company still wrote every customer explaining the backlog situation of their telescopes, and offered a full and immediate refund if the extra waiting time was unacceptable.

Few accepted the offer, and they were able to ship all of the back-ordered telescopes.

In September 1980, Meade announced its new telescope, Model 2080. Since that time Meade has come out with exciting new telescopes and accessories. By 1986 Meade Instruments was generally acknowledged as the largest, and the leader in manufacturing serious telescopes.

Copyright © JJ PERSISTENT PUBLISHING, INC.

PERMISSIONS TO REPUBLISH: This article may be republished in its entirety free of charge, electronically or in print, provided it appears with the included copyright and author's resource box with live website links.

Jeremy Hier is the Business Manager and Webmaster of http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/ " target=_blank>Best Telescope Guides Jeremy Hier is a freelance writer and regular contributer He likes to offer his advice and tips to consumers looking to purchase http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/meade-telescopes.html " target=_blank>meade telescopes and http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/celestron-telescopes.html " target=_blank>celestron telescopes

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Amazing New Hubble Pics
Author: Anne Noonan
New Hubble pics - how exciting! The latest of the new Hubble pics is of a black hole, which they've captioned as being in need of a home.

To get these new Hubble pics a team of astronomers, all from Europe, combined the power of the Hubble Space Telescope with that of the VLT (Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Cerro Paranal.

The new Hubble telescope pics are of a bright quasar that has no discernible host galaxy. The new pics show several quasars, strong radiation sources. The astronomers honed in on these quasars to study them by way of the Hubble because they know that quasars are often associated with active black holes. Only one of the many quasars they found delivered a black hole without a galaxy. Thus the new Hubble telescope pics.

Other new pics show the other quasars that these European astronomers found. In one you can clearly see the black hole's host galaxy with its large spiraling tendrils.

In the past ten years the problem getting new Hubble telescope pics of black holes has been that the quasar shines so much more brilliantly than the host galaxy that observers can't always see, or get new pics of, the black hole and its galaxy. This problem has been resolved now so new Hubble telescope pics of host galaxies are possible.

With the recent observation of 20 quasars, 19 were found to have host galaxies. One did not. What this means is that if the host galaxy really does exist it has to be no more than one sixth the brightness of traditional host galaxies, or have a radius that is at least 20 times smaller than most host galaxies. New Hubble telescope pics of this find are being studied now.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to find the best telescope. Read expert information here.

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Galileo Telescope
Author: George Royal -
One telescope maker that has been making a name for itself over the last few years is Galileo Telescope. This company, based in India, prides itself on offering excellent telescopes and one-on-one service with knowledgeable people who use the telescopes themselves. This allows Galileo Telescope to not only offer excellent optical equipment, but also excellent customer service.

Begun in India in 1989, Galileo Telescope began its life by offering telescopes for Indian amateur astronomers who need a quality telescope for their stargazing needs. Determined to set themselves apart from the rest of the market, Galileo Telescope came out with an 8-inch telescope, which is rather large by Indian standards. And, even more, Galileo's first telescope was easy to use, allowing even novice astronomers to learn it quickly.

With this success under their belts, Galileo Telescope continued to innovate. First, they developed a reliable, easy to operate mount that allowed amateurs to have a stable platform for their telescopes. Then they stretched out to create larger telescopes for deeper explorations of space, while also creating portable models that made for easier carrying and transportation.

Additionally, Galileo Telescope is the only Indian company to offer its customers Dobsonian telescopes. This large, rugged and reliable design is well known and familiar to amateur astronomers, as it makes large-aperture telescopes an affordable option for the backyard skywatcher. While made from a simple, Newtonian design, its simplicity allows it to be a very reliable and very powerful option for people who want to peer into the vastness of space.

For those who want the challenge of building their own telescopes, Galileo Telescope also offers an excellent selection of lenses, mirrors, eyepieces that will allow amateurs to create a telescope to their own specifications and give themselves the view that they uniquely desire. And, for the nervous novices who want a little more help with their telescope building adventures, Galileo also offers telescope kits that will allow them to build their own telescope and learn the inner workings of optical instruments in a less risky situation.

In addition to their standard line of Dobsonian telescopes, Galileo Telescope also offers a wide range of equipment for a variety of needs. Whether it might be a spotting scope, binoculars, a tripod or a refracting telescope, the people at Galileo Telescope are always eager to use their expertise to stretch themselves into new areas. And, as Galileo expands their reach into new realms, rest assured that they are just as committed to crafting some of the finest optics available.

For people who want a telescope that has been created, tried and tested by people who use the optics they offer, Galileo Telescope is an excellent name to trust. They pride themselves on designing and creating excellent telescopes that they are willing to stand behind and support. And with their one-on-one support, they will be able to help anyone who has questions or needs assistance with their products. All of which makes Galileo Telescope a company that amateur astronomers can turn to when they want to turn their eyes to the heavens.

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Telescopes HQ . Your guide to telescopes from buying telescopes, how telescopes work and who invented telescopes.

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What Are Telescopes?
Author: Jason Adams -
Telescopes act as windows to the universe. It is with the help of telescopes that we can study the solar system and view the conjunctions of stars. Not just that, the various planets, galaxies, satellites and asteroids that we get to see only in the books and magazines are made more familiar to us via the telescopes. They act as barrier- breaking instruments between the human beings and the outer space. The universe is no more a mystery to us that exists beyond our reach and we owe it all to the telescopes.

The modern day telescopes bring with them a wide array of accessories and it is with the aid of these accessories that it becomes much more easier to successfully put the telescopes into proper use. Let us see what are the important accessories that go well and are a "must-have" for most telescope users: -

Filters- These are very essential for telescope users because they reduce the glare on the eyepiece and scatter the light thereby making it less strenuous for us to view distant objects.

Eyepiece- this is a very important piece of equipment and its absence can render a telescope useless. Eyepieces come in a variety of sizes and if you add more than one eyepiece to your telescopes then you can have the pleasure of viewing even the tiniest and distant objects with clarity.

Mounts- Mounts are the stands for telescopes. It is a mount on which the telescope rests. Since a telescope wont function favorably in vibrations therefore you should ensure that it is placed on a stable mount.

Barlow lens- A Barlow lens helps in the magnification of telescopes. These lenses are available in different sizes and we must be careful in choosing the size that best fits the eyepiece.

There are two main types of telescopes, the refractor (Galileo) telescopes and the reflector (Newton) telescopes. The refractor telescope uses an objective lens that bends the light towards the eyepiece. While the reflector telescope uses a mirror, which collects the light and then directs it towards the eyepiece.

Though both the refractors as well as the reflector telescopes are easily available in the market we should take the following points into consideration before buying a telescope.

Do not get impressed by the magnification of the telescopes. This is because magnification alone is of no use if it just produces large but hazy images.

Aperture- This is the most important factor while deciding on a telescope. Aperture is the opening that collects light so its important to choose a telescope with a larger aperture that will ensure a clearer and a more detailed image quality.

Resolution- This enables the telescopes to produce a more detailed image. So always opt for a telescope, which has a higher resolution. Moreover since resolution is also determined by the aperture, therefore the larger the aperture the better the resolution.

Focal length- The distance between the optical center of the lens or the mirror and the optical center of the eyepiece is known as the focal length. The focal length is what determines the magnification in telescopes. Larger focal lengths imply more magnification.

If we are careful about remembering the above points then it wont take us long to choose a telescope the next time we want to buy one for ourselves.

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Jason Adams for www.telescope-information.com

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Go Celestial with the Celestron Telescope CPC 8
Author: Anne Noonan
The Celestron telescope cpc 8 is a high-end professional model with many great features for an exquisite look at the heavens.

Its formal name is Celestron CPC 800 Professional Computerized Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope. This Celestron telescope cpc 8 offers easy and quick alignment and GPS, with quality of optics that is unbeatable. Set up is fast and easy, and the Celestron cpc8 is made for ergonomically correct study of the star. Its computerization is enhanced. Most important, this great telescope is affordable, retailing under $2400.

Features of the Celestron cpc 8 telescope including advanced technology for quick alignment. Once your CPC8 Telescope's global positioning system (GPS - an internal feature) has established its position, all you have to do is find and manually slew your Celestron cpc8 to whatever three bright objects you find in the sky. You don't even need to know the names of the objects on which you have fixed your telescope. The technology in your celestron cpc8, called NexStar, will study the night sky, making a determination of each star, planet and other celestial fixture in the sky and its position.

Once your Celestron cpc 8 telescope has aligned itself in this way, its remote hand controller allows you to get direct access to every catalog of objects in the sky that are contained in its vast database.

The Celestron cpc 8 database has more than 40,000 stars, planets and other objects in the sky including Messier objects, NGC Galaxies, the Caldwell Catalog, and nebula. It's a snap to navigate through the database thanks to its filter limits, which you can define for yourself.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to find the best telescope. Read expert information here.

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NexRemote Celestron GOTO Kit
Author: Anne Noonan
The latest in the Celestron goto kit is the NexRemote. It comes with your purchase of the Celestron Advanced Series GT. In goto software this is the latest state of the art telescope technology by Celestron.

The NexRemote Celestron goto kit is equipped with a global position service, also known as GPS. You'll be able to control your telescope from your PC as well as from your laptop. This Celestron goto kit has all these amazing features on your Celestron's NexStar model hand remote controller.

Included in the kit is the CD to install the NexStar software and the paperwork to license it to yourself. It also comes with an RS 232 cable that will connect your telescope to your laptop or PC, plus an adaptor that converts it from serial to USB port capability.

While you are using the Celestron goto kit you can choose any plantetarium software that you like. You can ask the NexStar Celestron telescope goto kit to speak out loud, as it can support speech. For wireless fans it provides a wireless piece with gamepad. The NexRemote Celestron goto kit is a great choice.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our expert telescope reviews website. Plus check out the Celestron c5+ telescope review .

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Meade EXT90PE Premiere Edition - Now Under $1000
Author: Anne Noonan
The Meade ext90pe premiere edition, much like its newer version ext105PE, is made expressly for stargazing. This great telescope retails for under $1000, although as an older version it's somewhat difficult to find the Meade ext90pe premiere edition, except used.

Until the Meade ext90pe came along the two biggest difficulties for an amateur astronomer were aligning their telescope and then actually locating celestial objects.

Meade's new ETX premier edition, first the 90E model, then the upgraded 105, resolved these astronomy issues, however. Now when you want to look at deep space with your Meade etx90pe or 105pe, your telescope will automatically level itself, point to the north and even set the time for you. All you'll have to do with your Meade etx90pe is tell it your location, or just instruct it about your zip code. Your ETX, with its patented automated alignment function, will point to the first star for alignment. Then you'll just have to use the telescope's wide-field software, called SmartFinder, which will center the red dot over the stars you use for alignment. This gives you incredible accuracy. With your Meade etx90pe reflector telescope it's that easy.

The telescope has ultra high coating for transmission, and a dual axis electronic controller and drive system.

With the purchase of the Meade telescope etx90pe premiere edition or its newer model, the 105, you get several additional items. You'll have a an Autostar brand computer controller, a deluxe model field tripod, an 8x25 viewfinder that is right angled, an eyepiece and instructions on how to use your Meade ext90pe telescope premiere edition.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to find the best telescope. Read expert information here.

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Meade EXT90PE Premiere Edition - Now Under $1000
Author: Anne Noonan
The Meade ext90pe premiere edition, much like its newer version ext105PE, is made expressly for stargazing. This great telescope retails for under $1000, although as an older version it's somewhat difficult to find the Meade ext90pe premiere edition, except used.

Until the Meade ext90pe came along the two biggest difficulties for an amateur astronomer were aligning their telescope and then actually locating celestial objects.

Meade's new ETX premier edition, first the 90E model, then the upgraded 105, resolved these astronomy issues, however. Now when you want to look at deep space with your Meade etx90pe or 105pe, your telescope will automatically level itself, point to the north and even set the time for you. All you'll have to do with your Meade etx90pe is tell it your location, or just instruct it about your zip code. Your ETX, with its patented automated alignment function, will point to the first star for alignment. Then you'll just have to use the telescope's wide-field software, called SmartFinder, which will center the red dot over the stars you use for alignment. This gives you incredible accuracy. With your Meade etx90pe reflector telescope it's that easy.

The telescope has ultra high coating for transmission, and a dual axis electronic controller and drive system.

With the purchase of the Meade telescope etx90pe premiere edition or its newer model, the 105, you get several additional items. You'll have a an Autostar brand computer controller, a deluxe model field tripod, an 8x25 viewfinder that is right angled, an eyepiece and instructions on how to use your Meade ext90pe telescope premiere edition.

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Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to find the best telescope. Read expert information here.

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Pluto; The Planet that never was
Author: Sean Carter
Funny, isn't it? After approximately 76 years of known existence, Pluto is suddenly excluded from the list of planets in our solar system. Pluto, till now, was considered the ninth planet and the farthest one from the sun in the solar system. It was initially noticed in the year 1905, when Lowell Observatory (founded by Dr. Lowell in 1894) started an extensive project in search of a possible ninth planet. It was finally given an identity in 1930 by Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh of Arizona's Lowell Observatory.

Pluto is no stranger to controversy. Infact, it's been dogged by disputes ever since its discovery. Many astronomers feel that Pluto, now officially downgraded to 'dwarf status' on August 24, 2006 by International Astronomical Union, never deserved to be a full planet in the first place. Pluto was considered a planet because scientists initially believed that it was of the same size as of earth. It remained one because for years, it was the only known object in the Kuiper Belt, an enigmatic zone beyond the Neptune that is teeming with comets and other planetary objects. In 1978, Pluto was found to have a moon, later named as Cheron. Later two more were found which christened Nix and Hydra this past june.

So now the question appears: What is a planet's new defination and why was Pluto disqualified ? The answer provided to the people is that a Planet should be a Celestial Body that (i) Orbits around the Sun; (ii) Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to pull it into a nearly spherical shape; and (iii) Has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. Pluto was disqualified because it failed to meet the third condition. Its oblong orbit overlaps Neptune's.

The movements of the planets along their orbit is very essential for their existence and their inclusion in the solar system. Astrology as a subject is in connection with the movements of the planets around the sun. In astrology, planet differs from its modern usage. Astrology utilises the ancient geocentric model of the universe in its calculations and thus employs the term in its original geocentric sense.

The seven classical planets are those which can easily be seen with the naked eye and were thus known to ancient astrologers before the advent of the telescope. The Sun also know as 'Sol' is usually thought to represent the conscious ego, the self, and the principles of creativity, spontaneity, health and vitality - the life force. The sun is the planetary ruler of Leo. The moon or 'Luna' is the ruling planet of Cancer. It is associated with a person's emotional make-up, unconscious habits, rhythms, memories and moods. Mercury is the ruling planet of Gemini and Virgo and represents the principles of mentality, thinking patterns, rationality, transport, reasoning, and communication. Venus associated with the Roman goddess of love, is described as representing love. Venus is associated with the principles of harmony, beauty, balance, and the urge to unite. It is the ruling planet of Taurus and Libra. Mars is the ruling planet of Aries and, for many astrologers, Scorpio. Before the discovery of Pluto, it was universally considered the ruler of Scorpio. Most modern astrologers consider Pluto the ruler of Scorpio, but may regard Mars as a co-ruler, while all traditional astrologers still regard Mars as the only ruler of Scorpio. Jupiter is associated with the principles of growth, expansion, religion, higher education, prosperity and protecting roles. Jupiter is the ruling planet of Sagittarius, and for many astrologers, also the ruler of Pisces. Saturn is the ruling planet of Capricorn and, traditionally, Aquarius. It is associated with the principles of limitation, restrictions, boundaries, reality, crystallizing and structures.

Since the invention of the telescope, Western astrology has incorporated Uranus, Neptune and Pluto into its methodology. The planet Uranus is the ruling planet of Aquarius and associates with the principles of genius, new and unconventional ideas, discoveries, electricity, inventions, and radical politics, among other things. Modern astrologers associate the planet Neptune with illusion, deception, religions, spirituality, the mass media, music, drugs, extreme sensitivity, psychic phenomena and altered mental states. Neptune is the ruling planet of Pisces. "Pluto" is considered to represent the part of a person that destroys in order to renew. A commonly used keyword for Pluto is "transformation". It is the ruling planet of Scorpio.

Pluto is also associated with extreme power and corruption; the discovery of Pluto in 1930 coincided with the rise of fascism and Stalinism in Europe and the major proliferation of organized crime in the United States. It is also associated with nuclear armament, which had its genesis in the research of that decade.

Forget what you were taught in school, Pluto is no longer a full planet. The Classsic planets of the solar system becomes eight now namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

You can send Zodiac Ecards to your friends, relatives, collagues etc through some sites on the net such as 123Greetings.com

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Sean Carter writes on holidays, and celebrations around the world, zodiac signs .He also writes on family, relationships,womens issues birthdays , inspiration, religion, love and friendship. He is a writer with special interest in ecard industry. He writes for 123greetings.com

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Three Types of Telescopes - What are the Advantages
Author: Jeremy Hier

Refractors, Newtonian reflectors and Catadioptrics are the three main types of telescopes. All these different types have the same purpose, but each telescope design does it differently. Collecting light and bringing it to point of focus so it can be magnified and examined with an eyepiece is their goal.

Of the different types of telescopes the refractor is the telescope most people think of when they think of astronomy. This type of astronomy telescope is easy to use and reliable due to the simplicity of design. It requires little or no maintenance. Its great for looking at the different types of lunar, planetary, and binary stars.

Newtonians are a type of telescope, which is also known as catoptrics. This type is different from the other telescopes because it has the lowest per inch of aperture compared to refractors and Catadioptrics, because lenses are more expensive to produce than mirrors, especially in medium to large apertures. Newtonians deliver very bright images and are low in optical aberrations.

Catadoptric telescopes are the most popular type of instrument, with the most modern design, marketed throughout the world in 3 1/2 and larger apertures. Its very good for looking at different planetary, lunar, and binary stars. If you like to take photos with your telescope this type of instrument is excellent for deep sky observing or astrophotography with fast films or CCD's.

Copyright © JJ PERSISTENT PUBLISHING, INC.

PERMISSIONS TO REPUBLISH: This article may be republished in its entirety free of charge, electronically or in print, provided it appears with the included copyright and author's resource box with live website links.

Jeremy Hier is the Business Manager and Webmaster of http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/ " target=_blank>Best Telescope Guides Jeremy Hier is a freelance writer and regular contributer He likes to offer his advice and tips to consumers looking to purchase http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/meade-telescopes.html " target=_blank>meade telescopes and http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/celestron-telescopes.html " target=_blank>celestron telescopes

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Three Types of Telescopes - What are the Advantages
Author: Jeremy Hier

Refractors, Newtonian reflectors and Catadioptrics are the three main types of telescopes. All these different types have the same purpose, but each telescope design does it differently. Collecting light and bringing it to point of focus so it can be magnified and examined with an eyepiece is their goal.

Of the different types of telescopes the refractor is the telescope most people think of when they think of astronomy. This type of astronomy telescope is easy to use and reliable due to the simplicity of design. It requires little or no maintenance. Its great for looking at the different types of lunar, planetary, and binary stars.

Newtonians are a type of telescope, which is also known as catoptrics. This type is different from the other telescopes because it has the lowest per inch of aperture compared to refractors and Catadioptrics, because lenses are more expensive to produce than mirrors, especially in medium to large apertures. Newtonians deliver very bright images and are low in optical aberrations.

Catadoptric telescopes are the most popular type of instrument, with the most modern design, marketed throughout the world in 3 1/2 and larger apertures. Its very good for looking at different planetary, lunar, and binary stars. If you like to take photos with your telescope this type of instrument is excellent for deep sky observing or astrophotography with fast films or CCD's.

Copyright © JJ PERSISTENT PUBLISHING, INC.

PERMISSIONS TO REPUBLISH: This article may be republished in its entirety free of charge, electronically or in print, provided it appears with the included copyright and author's resource box with live website links.

Jeremy Hier is the Business Manager and Webmaster of http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/ " target=_blank>Best Telescope Guides Jeremy Hier is a freelance writer and regular contributer He likes to offer his advice and tips to consumers looking to purchase http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/meade-telescopes.html " target=_blank>meade telescopes and http://www.best-telescope-guide.com/celestron-telescopes.html " target=_blank>celestron telescopes

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How to Buy The Right Binoculars For You
Author: Duane Brown
Binoculars are wonderful pieces of equipment that can enhance many of our daily activities including, birding, action sports, hunting, and even astronomy. Essentially binoculars take a distant image, enlarge it through the use of lenses for viewing, all while remaining small and light enough to be mobile.

The actual makeup of most binoculars is fairly straightforward and simple. You have the lenses at the end of the barrel called the objective lens that gathers the light from the distant image and focuses it on the lens closest to your eyes for viewing. Binoculars are really two small telescopes put side by side so that you can view the desired image with both eyes instead of just one. This imparts some measure of depth of field, much more so than with a single scope.

When selecting a pair of binoculars you will immediately find that two numbers are used to describe their capability. These numbers are often expressed as "6 X 30" or something similar. Let's break the code so you will know what these numbers mean.

The first number refers to the magnification power of the binoculars, or in other words how many times the image is magnified. So if the number is 6, that means that the image that you view through the lens is magnified 6 times it's normal siZe.

The second number has to do with the size of the objective lens at the end of the binoculars.It's good to know this number because the larger the diameter of the objective lens, usually the more light will be let in for viewing the distant image.

Now, let's put this information in use in the real world. You may think that it's best to just get the highest magnification that you can get for binoculars, but this is not true. At some point, hand holding the binoculars will affect the clarity of a highly magnified image and the resulting shake will render the magnification benefits useless. Generally speaking, anything above ten times magnification should be mounted on a tripod instead of handheld. So if you are planning to use binoculars for activities that do not allow you to be able to bring along a sturdy tripod, you probably want to stay with a pair of binoculars with 4 -7 times magnification.

As far as light gathering properties are concerned, if you plan on using your binoculars in any kind of low light situation whether indoors, or at times of day when there is low available light outdoors, then you need to have a large objective lens, usually 30 or above, to make as much use of available light as possible.

Finally, consider the weight of the binoculars before buying them. If weight will be a consideration for activities such as hiking, then perhaps plastic lenses will be best that are specially coated to produce a high quality, sharp image. These can be more costly than glass lenses, but they are considerably lighter. Glass lenses usually make for much better optics and clearer images at a lower overall cost, but they can also be more fragile.

Generally speaking, more expensive pairs of binoculars have more atention paid to fit and finish and will stand up to more vigorous use, but if you only plan to occasionally use your binoculars, then a less expensive pair will no doubt work fine. Also, remember that after the purchase you should be sure to protect your investment with a suitable binoculars case.

About the Author

Duane Brown - http://www.all-about-binoculars.com All About Binoculars provides free information, tips, and resources on binoculars, telescopes, rifle scopes, and spotting scopes, and how to find them at the very best price.

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The Best Sights For Astronomy
Author: Anne Noonan
What are the best sights for astronomy? That's hard to say. There is so much out there that the determination of what are the best sights for astronomy probably requires you to do some advance study and decide for yourself what you'd like to learn about.

There are a couple of very helpful books that can guide you through a determination of what are the best views for astronomy.

A new beginner or intermediate handbook for stargazers is the "Guide to Stars and Planets" by Patrick Moore. This accomplished astronomer has concisely gathered reference information on the night sky that details the best views for astronomy. It looks at the moon as well as the various constellations. You'll find charts, photographs and maps that have been garnered through study with earth bound and space telescopes. The best areas for astronomy are laid out in this book as well as some guidance on how you're going to take a look at the best views for astronomy yourself.

Here you'll find guidance on what telescope to buy, how to set up an observatory for yourself as home and how to become a good amateur astronomer. Details about the perfect sights for astronomy include information on the moon, our sun, the various planets, the debris found in the solar system, a myriad number of stars, the various galaxies we know about, the constellations, and comets, asteroids, meteors and eclipses that humans have noted and photographed in the past.

The best sights for astronomy have been highlighted in the book, including important features in the moon and the stars we've studied extensively.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to find the best telescope. Read expert information here.

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How I Became Interested In Looking At The Moon
Author: Gary Nugent

Like a lot of kids, my folks gave me a 60mm telescope for Christmas one year. The scope was a typical department-store brand - not very good - but to a 12-year old kid it opened up the universe.

Through it I got to see the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. But above all these eye-openers, there was the moon. There in the eyepiece stood craggy mountains - spires casting long shadows across crater lowlands, dark maria and (painfully) bright highlands, a surface pockmarked with craters of all sizes, some with bright ejecta rays and some funny squiggle type features. I soon learned that the greatest amount of detail was seen along the terminator, that line splitting light from dark, where shadows played across features showing them in stark contrast. And to cap it all, each night different features could be seen in detail.

They say that as you get older, your memory plays tricks on you - you remember good things more than the bad. I remember lots of clear, frosty winter nights when I could point my 'scope at the moon and scan its disk for some feature I had not seen in relief before. These days, the skies seem to be cloudy much more frequently and the frosty winter nights are few and far between. I guess that's global warming for you!

Time moved on and I moved in and out of committee positions in astronomy societies, editing some magazines along the way (I now put my own ezine, called http://www.photonezine.com " Photon , together every couple of months). Astronomy became more about the bureaucracy of running clubs than about looking through a telescope. Then, in the late 90s, wanting to get back to my astronomical "roots", I bought a 'real' telescope, an 8" reflector which I readily turned towards the moon. Stunning views once again assailed my eyes (prompting memories of halcyon nights as a 12 year old looking through my old 60mm scope).

I'm a software writer (or should that be "engineer"?) by profession, so I wrote a bit of software which would help me in planning my moon observations. It told me when the moon would rise and set, what phase it was and other stuff. When people who'd seen it said they wanted a copy, I polished it up and released it as Shareware under the title http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhase " LunarPhase . It's now evolved into a more comprehensive application called http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhaseCD " LunarPhase Pro . I'm pleased that's it's been receiving very good reviews - I feel like I've done something to make other people more aware of my old friend in the sky.

With the encroachment of light pollution across the globe, the pristine skies of my youth have been gradually fading behind the yellow-orange glow of ever more street lamps. Where stars once twinkled on a velvet background, only a few hardy garnets of light now poke through the misty haze and background neon glow. But the Moon is always there, outshining any murk and pollution we cough up into the sky.

It's a shame we don't treat the sky with the same respect we give our national parks. After all, the sky belongs to all of us. How many of us really appreciate people throwing garbage into our back yards. Why should we allow others to pollute our natural resource?

These days, I'm getting into lunar photography with digital cameras and more sophisticated CCD cameras. I've posted a few of my images on my website if you'd like to see them. I still find a night under the stars with a partially lit Moon high in the sky a relaxing and humbling pursuit. The Moon is the only object in the solar system where we can see real surface detail. I'm so passionate about it that I also wrote an ebook called http://www.nightskyobserver.com/Observing-The-Moon-eBook.htm " Observing the Moon .

Growing up during the Apollo era, I have to say that those missions played a great part in spurring on my interest in the moon. My interest is alive and well and extending in other directions (more on that another time). I hope yours is too.

Onward and upward, as they say!

Gary Nugent has spent more years than he cares to rememeber pursuing astronomy as a hobby. He runs a number of astronomy based based sites:
Night Sky Observer: http://www.nightskyobserver.com " http://www.nightskyobserver.com
The Moon This Month: http://www.nightskyobserver.com/The-Moon-This-Month.htm " http://www.nightskyobserver.com/The-Moon-This-Month.htm
LunarPhase Pro: http://www.lunarphasepro.com " http://www.lunarphasepro.com
"Photon" Astronomy Ezine: http://www.photonezine.com " http://www.photonezine.com

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How I Became Interested In Looking At The Moon
Author: Gary Nugent

Like a lot of kids, my folks gave me a 60mm telescope for Christmas one year. The scope was a typical department-store brand - not very good - but to a 12-year old kid it opened up the universe.

Through it I got to see the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. But above all these eye-openers, there was the moon. There in the eyepiece stood craggy mountains - spires casting long shadows across crater lowlands, dark maria and (painfully) bright highlands, a surface pockmarked with craters of all sizes, some with bright ejecta rays and some funny squiggle type features. I soon learned that the greatest amount of detail was seen along the terminator, that line splitting light from dark, where shadows played across features showing them in stark contrast. And to cap it all, each night different features could be seen in detail.

They say that as you get older, your memory plays tricks on you - you remember good things more than the bad. I remember lots of clear, frosty winter nights when I could point my 'scope at the moon and scan its disk for some feature I had not seen in relief before. These days, the skies seem to be cloudy much more frequently and the frosty winter nights are few and far between. I guess that's global warming for you!

Time moved on and I moved in and out of committee positions in astronomy societies, editing some magazines along the way (I now put my own ezine, called http://www.photonezine.com " Photon , together every couple of months). Astronomy became more about the bureaucracy of running clubs than about looking through a telescope. Then, in the late 90s, wanting to get back to my astronomical "roots", I bought a 'real' telescope, an 8" reflector which I readily turned towards the moon. Stunning views once again assailed my eyes (prompting memories of halcyon nights as a 12 year old looking through my old 60mm scope).

I'm a software writer (or should that be "engineer"?) by profession, so I wrote a bit of software which would help me in planning my moon observations. It told me when the moon would rise and set, what phase it was and other stuff. When people who'd seen it said they wanted a copy, I polished it up and released it as Shareware under the title http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhase " LunarPhase . It's now evolved into a more comprehensive application called http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhaseCD " LunarPhase Pro . I'm pleased that's it's been receiving very good reviews - I feel like I've done something to make other people more aware of my old friend in the sky.

With the encroachment of light pollution across the globe, the pristine skies of my youth have been gradually fading behind the yellow-orange glow of ever more street lamps. Where stars once twinkled on a velvet background, only a few hardy garnets of light now poke through the misty haze and background neon glow. But the Moon is always there, outshining any murk and pollution we cough up into the sky.

It's a shame we don't treat the sky with the same respect we give our national parks. After all, the sky belongs to all of us. How many of us really appreciate people throwing garbage into our back yards. Why should we allow others to pollute our natural resource?

These days, I'm getting into lunar photography with digital cameras and more sophisticated CCD cameras. I've posted a few of my images on my website if you'd like to see them. I still find a night under the stars with a partially lit Moon high in the sky a relaxing and humbling pursuit. The Moon is the only object in the solar system where we can see real surface detail. I'm so passionate about it that I also wrote an ebook called http://www.nightskyobserver.com/Observing-The-Moon-eBook.htm " Observing the Moon .

Growing up during the Apollo era, I have to say that those missions played a great part in spurring on my interest in the moon. My interest is alive and well and extending in other directions (more on that another time). I hope yours is too.

Onward and upward, as they say!

Gary Nugent has spent more years than he cares to rememeber pursuing astronomy as a hobby. He runs a number of astronomy based based sites:
Night Sky Observer: http://www.nightskyobserver.com " http://www.nightskyobserver.com
The Moon This Month: http://www.nightskyobserver.com/The-Moon-This-Month.htm " http://www.nightskyobserver.com/The-Moon-This-Month.htm
LunarPhase Pro: http://www.lunarphasepro.com " http://www.lunarphasepro.com
"Photon" Astronomy Ezine: http://www.photonezine.com " http://www.photonezine.com

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Moon Gazing - Is It Right For You?
Author: Gary Nugent
Like a lot of kids, my folks gave me a 60mm telescope for Christmas one year. The scope was a typical department-store brand - not very good - but to a 12-year old kid it opened up the universe.

Through it I got to see the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. But above all these eye-openers, there was the moon. There in the eyepiece stood craggy mountains - spires casting long shadows across crater lowlands, dark maria and (painfully) bright highlands, a surface pockmarked with craters of all sizes, some with bright ejecta rays and some funny squiggle type features. I soon learned that the greatest amount of detail was seen along the terminator, that line splitting light from dark, where shadows played across features showing them in stark contrast. And to cap it all, each night different features could be seen in detail.

They say that as you get older, your memory plays tricks on you - you remember good things more than the bad. I remember lots of clear, frosty winter nights when I could point my 'scope at the moon and scan its disk for some feature I had not seen in relief before. These days, the skies seem to be cloudy much more frequently and the frosty winter nights are few and far between. I guess that's global warming for you!

Time moved on and I moved in and out of committee positions in astronomy societies, editing some magazines along the way (I now put my own ezine, called Photon - http://www.photonezine.com ), together every couple of months). Astronomy became more about the bureaucracy of running clubs than about looking through a telescope. Then, in the late '90s, wanting to get back to my astronomical "roots", I bought a 'real' telescope, an 8" reflector which I readily turned towards the moon. Stunning views once again assailed my eyes (prompting memories of halcyon nights as a 12 year old looking through my old 60mm scope).

I'm a software writer (or should that be "engineer"?) by profession, so I wrote a bit of software which would help me in planning my moon observations. It told me when the moon would rise and set, what phase it was and other stuff. When people who'd seen it said they wanted a copy, I polished it up and released it as Shareware under the title LunarPhase (http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhase ). It's now evolved into a more comprehensive application called LunarPhase Pro (http://www.nightskyobserver.com/LunarPhaseCD ). I'm pleased that's it's been receiving very good reviews - I feel like I've done something to make other people more aware of my old friend in the sky.

With the encroachment of light pollution across the globe, the pristine skies of my youth have been gradually fading behind the yellow-orange glow of ever more street lamps. Where stars once twinkled on a velvet background, only a few hardy garnets of light now poke through the misty haze and background neon glow. But the Moon is always there, outshining any murk and pollution we cough up into the sky.

It's a shame we don't treat the sky with the same respect we give our national parks. After all, the sky belongs to all of us. How many of us really appreciate people throwing garbage into our back yards or littering our parks. Why should we allow others to pollute our natural resources?

These days, I'm getting into lunar photography with digital cameras and more sophisticated CCD cameras. I've posted a few of my images on my website if you'd like to see them. I still find a night under the stars with a partially lit Moon high in the sky a relaxing and humbling pursuit. The Moon is the only object in the solar system where we can see real surface detail. I'm so passionate about it that I also wrote an ebook called Observing the Moon (http://www.nightskyobserver.com/Observing-The-Moon-eBook.htm ).

Growing up during the Apollo era, I have to say that those missions played a great part in spurring on my interest in the moon. My interest is alive and well and extending in other directions (more on that another time). I hope yours is too.

Onward and upward, as they say!

About the Author

Gary Nugent has spent more years than he cares to remember pursuing astronomy as a hobby. He runs a number of astronomy based based sites:
Night Sky Observer: http://www.nightskyobserver.com
The Moon This Month: http://www.nightskyobserver.com/The-Moon-This-Month.htm
LunarPhase Pro: http://www.lunarphasepro.com
"Photon" Astronomy Ezine: http://www.photonezine.com

...

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Meade ETX 105 Review
Author: Anne Noonan
This Meade etx 105 review will give you some insight into what a particular camera and telescope expert had to speak of regarding Meade etx telescopes. Let's see what this Meade etx 105 review tells us.

Costing $879.00, the Meade etx 105 review is evaluated by a astronomy expert. He also explains information about the ETX-90AT and the ETX-125AT. All of these models are designed according to the consistent Meade ETX idea of constructing an extremely superior telescope that is managed electronically.

He explains that the Meade etx 105 has a convenient automatic GOTO celestial finder which uses its Autostar brand computer controller. The Meade etx styles are the only brand providing this in its price range. These models are easy to use and have a short learning curve.

Our telescope professional also reveals in his Meade etx 105 review that the etx 105, 90, and 125 styles come assembled and you can use them right away. These three models are equipped with the 4000 Series Meade Super Plossl eyepiece. He says the eyepiece is 48x and 26mm for the etx 105.

Finally he concluded his Meade etx 105 review by praising the telescope's deluxe tripod, which makes the etx 105 have rigid mounting while you are looking into the night sky.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our expert telescope reviews website. Plus check out the Meade DSI review

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Meade ETX 105 Review
Author: Anne Noonan
This Meade etx 105 review will give you some insight into what a particular camera and telescope expert had to speak of regarding Meade etx telescopes. Let's see what this Meade etx 105 review tells us.

Costing $879.00, the Meade etx 105 review is evaluated by a astronomy expert. He also explains information about the ETX-90AT and the ETX-125AT. All of these models are designed according to the consistent Meade ETX idea of constructing an extremely superior telescope that is managed electronically.

He explains that the Meade etx 105 has a convenient automatic GOTO celestial finder which uses its Autostar brand computer controller. The Meade etx styles are the only brand providing this in its price range. These models are easy to use and have a short learning curve.

Our telescope professional also reveals in his Meade etx 105 review that the etx 105, 90, and 125 styles come assembled and you can use them right away. These three models are equipped with the 4000 Series Meade Super Plossl eyepiece. He says the eyepiece is 48x and 26mm for the etx 105.

Finally he concluded his Meade etx 105 review by praising the telescope's deluxe tripod, which makes the etx 105 have rigid mounting while you are looking into the night sky.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our expert telescope reviews website. Plus check out the Meade DSI review

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The Interesting Eagle Nebula
Author: David Craig
The Eagle Nebula, associated with open star cluster M16 of the Milky Way, was named for its dramatic similarity to the appearance of an eagle. Located 7000 light years from Earth, it is a component of the constellation Serpens (for Serpent). It was discovered in 1746 by P.L. de Cheseaux but it was not until twenty years later that the famous astronomer Charles Messier discovered it nebulosity. Not naked to the naked eye, it can be seen under the power of a low-to-moderate power telescope.

The Eagle Nebula is what is categorized as an emission nebula. An emission nebula is created when electrons are stripped away from molecules through the process of ionization and then recombine with protons emitting quanta of light. Usually the photons emitted lie in the red end of the spectrum creating a red-looking nebula. This is largely true for the Eagle Nebula with much of its glory being due to a brilliant display of red colors in addition to blue and white light. The Eagle Nebula is a heavenly wonder.

The source of the ionization in emission nebula is energetic ultraviolet light created from hot stars shining on a cloud of hydrogen gas. In the case of the Eagle Nebula, the ultraviolet energy comes from the blue and white stars of the M16 cluster. These stars are interesting in that they are only approximately two million years old compared with our own sun's age of four billion year. However, they are considerably heavier which is responsible for the shortening their lifetime to the order of a few million years.

The resemblance of an eagle is due to the presence of three tall dark pillars of EGG's, or evaporating gas globules. EGG's are composed of hydrogen gas and dust and are so dense that their constituents actually condense under the force of gravity to form new stars. These pillars are light years in length. The dust referred to absorbs much of the pillars' light, giving it a dark appearance. These dust particles are not like ordinary household dust due to being both microscopic and asymmetrical in shape. Very little is known about them, as they have never been viewed first hand. However this interstellar dust makes up a large component of the universe.

Although somewhat complicated, the scientific origin of the Eagle Nebula is both rich and fascinating. The nebula itself is breathtaking, and any chance to view it should be undertaken if at all possible. There are many different types of classifications of nebulas with as many different visible manifestations as the number of identifiable nebulas themselves. Many beautiful images of the Eagle Nebula have been captured by the Hubble telescope, and like all images of nebulas are wonders of nature.

1) Bill Schoening/NOAO/AURA/NSF

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

David Craig M.S. Physics - University of Minnesota B.S. Computer Science - University of Oregon Click here for more interesting Astronomy Articles

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The Interesting Eagle Nebula
Author: David Craig
The Eagle Nebula, associated with open star cluster M16 of the Milky Way, was named for its dramatic similarity to the appearance of an eagle. Located 7000 light years from Earth, it is a component of the constellation Serpens (for Serpent). It was discovered in 1746 by P.L. de Cheseaux but it was not until twenty years later that the famous astronomer Charles Messier discovered it nebulosity. Not naked to the naked eye, it can be seen under the power of a low-to-moderate power telescope.

The Eagle Nebula is what is categorized as an emission nebula. An emission nebula is created when electrons are stripped away from molecules through the process of ionization and then recombine with protons emitting quanta of light. Usually the photons emitted lie in the red end of the spectrum creating a red-looking nebula. This is largely true for the Eagle Nebula with much of its glory being due to a brilliant display of red colors in addition to blue and white light. The Eagle Nebula is a heavenly wonder.

The source of the ionization in emission nebula is energetic ultraviolet light created from hot stars shining on a cloud of hydrogen gas. In the case of the Eagle Nebula, the ultraviolet energy comes from the blue and white stars of the M16 cluster. These stars are interesting in that they are only approximately two million years old compared with our own sun's age of four billion year. However, they are considerably heavier which is responsible for the shortening their lifetime to the order of a few million years.

The resemblance of an eagle is due to the presence of three tall dark pillars of EGG's, or evaporating gas globules. EGG's are composed of hydrogen gas and dust and are so dense that their constituents actually condense under the force of gravity to form new stars. These pillars are light years in length. The dust referred to absorbs much of the pillars' light, giving it a dark appearance. These dust particles are not like ordinary household dust due to being both microscopic and asymmetrical in shape. Very little is known about them, as they have never been viewed first hand. However this interstellar dust makes up a large component of the universe.

Although somewhat complicated, the scientific origin of the Eagle Nebula is both rich and fascinating. The nebula itself is breathtaking, and any chance to view it should be undertaken if at all possible. There are many different types of classifications of nebulas with as many different visible manifestations as the number of identifiable nebulas themselves. Many beautiful images of the Eagle Nebula have been captured by the Hubble telescope, and like all images of nebulas are wonders of nature.

1) Bill Schoening/NOAO/AURA/NSF

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

David Craig M.S. Physics - University of Minnesota B.S. Computer Science - University of Oregon Click here for more interesting Astronomy Articles

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Binoculars – Nothing Escapes These Eyes
Author: Sharon Albright -
Binoculars are devices that make small objects at a distance appear expanded and clear before your eyes. They are also known as binocular telescopes as they are basically two monocular placed together to allow perfect two-eye viewing. It is surprising to find that those objects, which are completely invisible to human eyes, appear so near and enlarged in the eyes of the binoculars.

Factors to consider while purchasing binoculars

When you want to choose the binoculars you should try them out and then purchase them. Although the enhanced image through binoculars might appear surprising, yet the working of binoculars is quite simple. You have the lenses at the end of the barrel called objective lens that gathers the light from distant objects and focuses it on the lens nearest to your eyes. With side-by-side two small telescopes fitted, the binoculars impart a great measure of depth of field, than single monocular glasses.

When you go to purchase binoculars you will be confused to hear two specific numbers "6 x30" or something similar. Do not get surprised. The first number always refer to the magnification power of the binoculars or how many times the image is magnified. This means that if the number is 6, the image that you view through the lens will be 6 times more magnified than its normal size.

However, the second number deals with the size of the objective lens at the end of the binoculars. You should know that the larger the diameter of the objective lens, the more light from the distant objects is attracted and the distant image can be viewed perfectly.

However, powerful the binocular is, you must be aware of the way to handle them. Holding the binoculars by the hand will be truly effective as shaking might make the magnification less useful. So if you are planning to use the binoculars for active activities, then get for yourself a pair of binoculars that has 4-7 times magnification. If your work demands using the binoculars in low light situation or indoors, then you should get larger objective lens with 30 power or above.

The weight of the binoculars should be considered before you purchase them. When you are using the binoculars for trekking, boating, fishing, or for astronomical purposes, you should see that the weight should not be very heavy. When you are going for these traveling purposes, you should plastic lens in binoculars that will help produce high quality and sharp image. Glass lenses can be available at lower cost but they are very fragile. So you should use plastic lens binoculars for better results.

Get a pair of binoculars to enjoy distant objects clearer and nearer to your eyes.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Sharon Albright is the owner of Binoculars Site. Read more articles on Binoculars and visit her recommended resources.

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Review of Meade ETX-60 AT Digital Telescope With Autostar
Author: Anne Noonan
The Meade etx 60 at digital telescope with autostar is the perfect educational beginner telescope. It includes an eyepiece that is 9mm, an instruction manual and Autostar, which controls the telescopes computer. You can find the Meade etx-60 at digital telescope with autostar for under $200 if new.

For precision control the Meade etx-60 has electric controls that are fork mounted, setting circles, and dual locking mechanisms. The two axis motor drive has tracking with a sidereal rating.

The optics are a achromatic refractor design, with a diameter of 60mm and a focal length of 350mm. The eyepiece has a magnification of 39x, and has multiple coats. At approximately 15 feet is where the focus is adjusted best.

Other features of the Meade etx-60 at digital telescope with autostar are it is protected with many layers of optical coating, has an achromatic assembly for the refracting optical tube, and an internal system of flip mirrors so that you can observe from a 90 degree observation point or straight on.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our expert telescope reviews website. Plus check out the Meade-etx125pe-astro-telescope-premiere-edition

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Clever Pluto Will Survive, It Seems, As A Planet
Author: Tom Attea/NewsLaugh.com
This week we nominate for clever monkey, not a person who has distinguished himself or herself for something well or ill accomplished, but Pluto, which, until recently, bestrode the heavens, securely placed in our imaginations as the most distant and smallest planet.

Then other bodies in the distant solar system were discovered, with our ever more deeply prying telescopes, that are even larger than the diminutive, ringed body.

So for a time it seemed that Pluto might, after all these decades of secure distinction, since its discovery in 1930, be demoted to asteroid status.

Soon The International Astronomical Union will meet and decide on its fate. Rumor is that its members will likely preserve Pluto's status by the clever tactic of redefining just what it takes to qualify as a planet.

In fact, as part of its survival, we could find ourselves with as many as three new members of sun-circling globes, named Xena, Charon, and Ceres.

What could be, astronomically speaking, more clever than that?

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Tom Attea, humorist and creator of NewsLaugh.com, has had six shows produced Off-Broadway. Critics have called his writing "delightfully funny," "witty," with "great humor and ebullience" and "good, genuine laughs."

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Was Galileo the first person to use a telescope
Author: Anne Noonan
Many historians explain that Galileo was the first person to use a telescope. In 1610 Galileo discovered Saturn's rings. He also observed Jupiter's four moons and viewed the different phases of Venus. This lead to the study of sunspots and various celestial activities.

Even though Galileo is credited with being the first to make practical improvements and enhancements to the use of the telescope, he was not the inventor, and therefore not the first person to use a telescope. That person would be Hans Lippershey.

Hans Lippershey was born 1570 in Germany, but was raised in Holland. He invented the first refracting telescope in 1608. A lens maker, he designed this telescope from two lenses and applied for a patent, intending that it would be important for the military. He successfully demonstrated the usefulness of his refracting telescope to the military.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Learn more about Galileo refractor telescopes here.

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Was Galileo the first person to use a telescope
Author: Anne Noonan
Many historians explain that Galileo was the first person to use a telescope. In 1610 Galileo discovered Saturn's rings. He also observed Jupiter's four moons and viewed the different phases of Venus. This lead to the study of sunspots and various celestial activities.

Even though Galileo is credited with being the first to make practical improvements and enhancements to the use of the telescope, he was not the inventor, and therefore not the first person to use a telescope. That person would be Hans Lippershey.

Hans Lippershey was born 1570 in Germany, but was raised in Holland. He invented the first refracting telescope in 1608. A lens maker, he designed this telescope from two lenses and applied for a patent, intending that it would be important for the military. He successfully demonstrated the usefulness of his refracting telescope to the military.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Learn more about Galileo refractor telescopes here.

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Meade Telescopes – Where Quality Counts
Author: George Royal -
When aspiring astronomers look for quality optics that will let them peer into the unknown reaches of void, Meade telescopes are an excellent choice. With a wide variety of telescopes, mounts, and filters available, Meade provides options for the backyard stargazer and the serious student alike. Which is why Meade telescopes are trusted the world over.

Meade grew from very humble beginnings, with nothing but one man, a kitchen table and a 2"x4" ad in Sky & Telescope magazine in 1972. At first offering nothing but a small refracting telescope, Meade discovered that the demand for quality optics and accessories was not being met by the companies who made telescopes. So, with a new ad in the fledgling Astronomy magazine, Meade expanded their offerings and improved their designs, allowing them to stand out from the other telescopes on offer. In fact, by paying attention to details such as spring-loaded gearboxes on the focusers and including eyepieces with wide fields of view, Meade turned itself into a name to be reckoned with.

Meade telescopes continued to become more and more popular every year, thanks to their expanding offerings and commitment to quality. In fact, by 1977, they had become so popular that they had a 6-month backlog of orders for their new line of reflecting telescopes. But, after first offering each of their customers a refund if they desired one, they grew the business to meet the demand and delivered the orders in only three months.

Finally, as Meade continued to gather more and more market share, they opened the 1980's with their line of Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes. Because Meade saw that the Schmidt-Cassgrain design could do more than other telescope designs, the engineers and designers stood up to the challenge and delivered a top-notch telescope that took this telescope design to new levels of quality.

Today, there are Meade telescopes for every interest and every budget. Whether it is an inexpensive starter telescope for someone who is just starting their nighttime explorations, a large scope for a dedicated, backyard researcher, a scope for the person who wants to travel light, or even a specialist who wants a telescope to examine sunspots, Meade has the gear that will open up a window to the stars and planets.

Through the years, Meade has expanded its business and extended their product line into new areas. In addition to Meade telescopes, there are Meade mounts, eyepieces, imagers, photographic lenses, and even binoculars and microscopes. And, as their business moves into fresh areas, Meade puts the same stamp of quality on their new products as they have put on their stargazing equipment.

From a small operation run from one man's kitchen table, Meade telescopes have set new standards of quality by paying attention to details that matter. And by taking care of the details and taking care of their customers, Meade is the name people look for when they are looking for when they look for a telescope. Which means that Meade telescopes are what people look through when they look toward the heavens.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Telescopes HQ . Your guide to telescopes from buying telescopes, how telescopes work and who invented telescopes.

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Choosing The Right Telescope
Author: Duane Brown
Ever since Galileo, people have been pointing telescopes to the heavens and expanding their view of this world by looking outside of it into other worlds. It can be a fascinating and rewarding endevour. You can even meet some very good friends this way as there are usually local star-gazing clubs within reach of almost anywhere in the country that offer plenty of companionship when using your telescope.

But how do you choose from the wide array of telescopes that are being sold today? Well, first of all you need to understand just a couple of basic points about telescopes. One is that magnification is not really the most important characteristic of a telescope. That may seem very strange, but the truth is that the most significant capability of a telescope is it's ability to gather light. After all, what good is a large image that you can barely see?

The light gathering capability of a telescope is usually in direct relation to the size of it's aperture or it's light gathering lens or mirror. Now, you are probably thinking that you just need to get a telescope with the largest aperture possible then, but that is not the case. Somewhere along the line there will be a tradeoff between the size of the aperture and portability. So if you want to transport your telescope at all, you will want to make sure that it is not too heavy and bulky to be mobile. Remember that you will also most likely have to set up and adjust your telescope in the dark if your transport it, so having one that is very large can be a daunting task when you can't see what you are doing very well.

On the magnification factor, you can adjust the magnification of almost any telescope through the use of different eyepieces, so that is not a really important consideration when buying.

It's also important to know that there are three different kinds of telescopes, the reflector, refractor and catadioptric.

The refractor is the kind of telescope that most people think of when they think of telescopes. It essentially has a large lens on the end of a barrel that focuses an image on an eyepiece at the back of the barrel. It's actually a very simple design, but it can also be more costly and bulky than the other styles of telescopes available. It's good for viewing the night sky and long range here on earth, but again, it gets very expensive to produce when you want to see deep space objects.

The next kind of telescope is the reflector, and it uses mirrors to gather the light and focus it on a small eyepiece that is usually located on the side of the barrel. Mirrors are much less expensive to produce than the lenses used in refractors, so the reflector telescope is usually much less expensive as well. It is not suitable for terrestrial viewing here on earth though and it does lose a little light due to the use opf mirrors in it's design.

The final style of telescope is the catadiaoptric which is really a blend of both refractors and reflectors, essentially taking the best of both designs with few of the drawbacks. It is a good all around selection for telescope usage as it is a good choice for both terrestrial and astronomical viewing. They may not be what you expect a telescope to look like but their design is very modern and durable.

Choosing any of these types and styles of telescopes will work depending on what you plan to use your telescope to do, and your budget. The important choice is to embark on a discovery of parts of the universe that you have never seen before.

About the Author

Duane Brown - http://www.all-about-binoculars.com All About Binoculars provides free information, tips, and resources on binoculars, telescopes, rifle scopes, and spotting scopes, and how to find them at the very best price.

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Great Astronomical Observatories of the World
Author: David Craig
The great observatories of the world are responsible for many of the prolific astronomical observations of the twentieth century. Telescopic photograpy, radio dish data collection, and infrared imaging are among the many different techniques observatories have been able to employ to learn about the heavens.

The Palomar Observatory may be the most famous of all. With five telescopes operated by Cal-Tech's graduate and post-doctoral students, the 200-inch Hale telescope is the most famous of all Palomar's telescopes. Built in 1949, it was intended to overcome the onset of the southern California smog problem. Other noteworthy telescopes operated at Cal-Tech include a telescope to search for supernovae, a comet hunter, a trio of sky cameras looking for planetary and other celestial phenomena, an interferometer capable of detecting the slightest wobble in the orbits of a planet, and a sixty inch telescope responsible for spotting the first brown dwarf circling a companion star.

Cal Tech is also directly involved in the operation of the Keck and Lick Observatories. The Keck Observatory, located on top of Hawaii's dormant Mauna Kea volcano contains the world's largest optical and infrared telescopes. Its twin Keck telescopes stand eight stories high and weigh 300 tons each. Lick Observatory is located on 4200 foot Mount Hamilton east of San Jose, California. It contains nine research telescopes with the largest being the Shane 3-meter Reflector. This telescope is used to observe everything from our local solar system to faraway galaxies.

The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles is known for its12-inch Zeiss Refracting telescope. This telescope's fame is largely due to the fact that it has been used to allow public viewing of the universe since 1935. More than five million people have looked through its lenses since under the guidance of experienced Telescope Demonstrators. The Griffith Observatory was also known for its laserium light shows in previous years although they have been discontinued at present.

The Hayden Planetarium in Boston is more than just a planetarium. It is also a museum. Along with its Gilliland Observatory, laser-light shows and a rotating star simulator are among some of the different multi-media astronomical experiences available to the public.

The Greenwich Observatory in Cambridge, England was established in 1675 by King Charles II in order partially to fix longitude readings. It currently fixes the origin of the worldwide time reference point of Greenwich Mean Time. An observatory in Portland Maine is being restored as a famous architectural monument. Another observatory of note is the University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory with its five telescopes.

All of these observatories have added to the vast array of knowledge now known about the universe. Their importance to the history of astronomy, as well as their continuing usefulness, can not be overemphasized.

1) Palomar observed: For more than 50 years, science above and beyond; Scott LaFee; San Diego Union Tribune; November 2, 2005
2) CalTech Astronomy Website;
3) UC Observatories Website
4) Yerkes Observatory Website;
5) Griffith Observatory Website;
6) Observatory view worth preserving; by John Alphonse.
7) Hayden Planetarium Website.
8) The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh: A Guide to Edinburgh's Popular Observatory

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

David Craig M.S. Physics - University of Minnesota B.S. Computer Science - University of Oregon Click here for more fascinating astronomy articles as well as the most up to date selection of Nasa products from the Space Store, Nasa's only approved merchandiser.

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Meade Telestar Review DS 60ME
Author: Anne Noonan
This Meade Telestar review features the DS 60ME model. The DS 60ME is equipped with three styles of eyepieces, the H25mm, H12.5mm, and the SR4mm. All these pieces are electronic and will let you view images on your TV. Being able to see celestial images on your television is a lot of fun especially if it is a large screen. Continue reading our Meade Telestar review for further details.

Research for our Meade Telestar review revealed the DS 60ME optical capabilities are very advanced allowing you to see sharp, high contrast objects in the night sky or land. Stars, planets, and the moon can be seen clearly, along with birds and other nature.

The Telestar DS 60ME uses a hi-tech Digital Series mount, both axes have slow motion controls. This enables you to track objects accurately and smoothly. Its equipped with a refractor lens that is 60mm, and its 700mm focal length provides sharp images and incredible contrast. This Meade Telestar review of the DS 60ME telescope gives it a 5 star rating.

Article Source : http://www.articledashboard.com

Anne Noonan makes it quick and easy to choose the best telescope for you. Learn more by reading our expert telescope reviews website. Plus check out the Meade 506 review

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